Minimum Wage And Magical Thinking Opinion - 1012 Words

Minimum Wage and Magical Thinking Opinion In the reading of Minimum wage and magical thinking he discusses that raising the minimum wage would have a negative impact and would actually hurt those that it is supposed to help and I would agree. Raising the minimum wage would cause inflation to rise, thus basically canceling out what it was intended to do and making the US dollar worth less. Secondly, minimum wage increase would cause the price of goods to rise and then less people will be buying so, then you are paying employees more and making less revenue. Lastly, this would hurt the very people that raising the minimum wage is intended to help because the number of jobs that are entry level or low skilled will drop and then people who were making a 7.25 minimum wage will now be earning a 0 dollar wage. Minimum wage does not need to increase, especially not as drastic as some people are calling for and the positive outcome that is thought it would produce actually would be doing more harm than good. If the minimum wage were to rise inflation in turn would rise too as Issac Newton’s third law says for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. The general idea is to pay people more money, but not to increase the cost of goods which in a perfect world that may work, but this is the real world and that isn’t how it works. If for example, McDonalds starts paying their minimum wage employees 10.10 nationwide in turn what used to be a one dollar cheeseburgerShow MoreRelatedDynamic Corporate Social Responsibility: Apple, Inc.4865 Words   |  20 Pagesa definition for the corporate social responsibility concept. The author discuss a period which covers 50 years (Bakker et al. 2005). Some authors claim that companies’ interaction with society can be viewed through the creation of jobs, paying wages and taxes to the government (Smith 2003). In addition, other authors state that companies, besides their economic and legal obligations for their owners and governments, have to take more proactive actions regarding their corporate social performanceRead MoreHuman Resources Management150900 Words   |  604 Pagesgoods to other countries. This is particularly true with more highly skilled, technical jobs in technology-driven industries. As a result, these export-driven jobs pay wages averaging 25% higher than most other manufacturing jobs.4 On the other hand, the less-skilled manufacturing assembly jobs have been shifting from the higher-wage, developed economies in the United States and Western Europe to developing countries in Eastern Europe, China, Thailand, Mexico, and the Phillippines. 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Moral So oft in theologic wars, The disputants, I ween, Rail on in utter ignorance Of what each other mean, And prate about an Elephant Not one of them hasRead MoreAdl 01 - Principles and Practices of Management Study Material.Pdf Uploaded Successfully30836 Words   |  124 Pagesmanagement. Principles and Practices of Management ADL 01 Schools of management thought The art of management has ancient roots. This part of discussion helps us to understand several view points and approaches that have shaped up managerial thinking during the past years†¦ Classical Schools of Management The classical management theory, developed during the Industrial Revolution when new problems related to the factory system began to appear. Managers were worried about increasing the efficiencyRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. 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To some degree, this is a reflection of the job offer (too low a salary, too small a company, too limited a job description). However, it also suggests a generational shift in thinking. While the job market for new entrants is perhaps the most sluggish in memory, new college graduates remain committed to following their dreams and holding out high hopes for their careers. Scott’s father, David Nicholson, 57, has an established

Shawshank Redemption Under the 4 Frames of Organizational Views Free Essays

I. Problema â€Å"Shawshank Redemption† Brief Summary: Andy Dufresne a young and successful banker is sent to Shawshank Prison for the murder of his wife and secret lover. When he first arrives in prison he is very isolated and lonely. We will write a custom essay sample on Shawshank Redemption Under the 4 Frames of Organizational Views or any similar topic only for you Order Now With time he realizes there is something deep within every man, that no other can touch, that will help him get through this phase in his life. This element is Hope. Andy becomes friends with prison ‘fixer’ Red  and becomes influential within the prison, with both guards and inmates. Andy epitomizes why it is crucial to have dreams. His spirit and determination, leads him to plan one of the most elaborate prison breaks in Shawshank and filled with courage and desire he completes his daring escape. Political Issues The 2 biggest political issues we see in this movie is the relationship between the guards and the prisoners, and the warden stand on Andy’s meaning to him. The only way to have an easier sentence and have good relationships with the guards is the use of buying them and having them be quiet and silent or noisy and violent when necessary. This is seeing in the movie when guards walk by and ignore acts of rape or violence, or when they act upon their own instincts to punish or abuse another prisoner, to make a statement. This helps create a reputation among not only the guards; but the prisoners. With some of them, knowing how to use the guards to their benefit and that allows them to create factions for other motives. The relationship Andy established with Red (Morgan Freeman) can also be viewed as a political movement towards neutrality, and avoid being casted in a specific prison group, faction or movement. The way the Warden treats Andy during the whole movie is a use of extreme political power. Authority based on state powers which is used for individual benefits and be subdued when necessary. Using Andy when needed and punishing him when he gets out of line. Creating the relationship of power and authority. Symbolic Issues It’s hard to pinpoint what the administrative characters symbolize, since most of them play to their roles exactly to what we expect from them. The warden for example plays a rough, violent, political figure which is seeing by the way he runs the prison. The guards are the typical peons in a chess game, where they don’t ask why things happen, they just obey their orders. Personally I believe that 4 characters make up the individual in the movie. We might see ourselves in any of these characters. Red (Morgan Freeman) The Best Friend. The man who knows the ins and out of the prison. It’s been there for a long time and has created a neutral or conformist position on the issues that arise. Viewed as the person nobody can hate; because of his easy going attitude and willingness to help the ones that seek him. Brooks Hatlen (James Whitmore) The grandfather of the group. Silent but participate, his opinion holds good power because he has become institutionalized by the prison, by age. When let free from prison, we can’t deal with the outside burdens and feels disconnected from the present world. He kills himself and we see him as retired old man, without family of friends, with no motive to live. A depressed old man. Andy Dufrasne (Tim Robbins) The hero of the movie. Manages to be likeable; but strong enough to convey a stand against abusive authority. Playing your cards in a well thought out game to reach the conclusion you need. Andy not only escapes from prison; but also shines the light on the corrupt system the prison was having. Tommy Williams (Gil Bellows) The loose gun. That person we see on our lives that we can’t get through to. Could be a son, a brother or a close friend. Even though we know the bad things, we believe there is still hope to save him and have him change. When he is murdered in the movie, we think to our selves, It was too late for him. He already dug up his tomb. There’s always someone in our lives that we wish we could save. ——————————————————————— II. Some Unconscious Aspects of Organizations Help create a Psychological Frame from this Article From reading the lecture, I won’t bother in recreating each aspect of the stories. Instead I will try to create and explain the postulates, that I believe, make up the psychological frame. Also I’ll link personal examples to the postulates. 1. Organizations are always linked to the person who creates them From hiring the first employees and creating the standards of supervision. Companies will always remember the person who created them. Some companies create Principles or Values, to linger the essence of the first â€Å"settler†. a. Personal example: The Company Mars Inc. known mostly for Chocolate and PetCare food, has been always a private, family owned company. As soon as new employees are hired, they are treated as â€Å"associates† and taught the 5 family principles, to longer stretch the Mars Philosophy of work. 2. Human Aspect will be translated from founder to organization Any aspect or specific personality the founder has, will be shown on either company view or work style. Not only Unconscious Aspects talks about this translation happening; but also Perfection or Bust, talks about an Obsessive Compulsive Company. b. Personal Example: An accounting company founded by a man that likes to commit to a lot of contracts, without evaluating the resources on hand. A compulsive man that reacts before analyzing and then becomes harsh upon reviewing results. 3. Change in governing factors are related to change in employees, and might be temporary Even though must companies maintain a certain style of work and certain way to act upon the public eye; these aspects might change or evolve with time. Most companies are viewed by the people who employ the company at that moment. That’s why opinions may vary from time to time, depending on who holds management. c. Personal Example: PG has been viewed as a conservative company, by others in the industry. A public company, result oriented in which whoever works there, must be extremely efficient and intelligent to achieve a position. Other General Manager have tried to create a more liberal and laid back style of work; but have been put out by upper management; but during those times, the companies style and opinion was different. . Development of employees is more of an indoctrination The training of the job, will come tied to the ideology of the company. Created by the founder of the company. This way, the work style and culture is propagated by the same employees and on hand-training. d. Personal Example: Both PG and Mars Inc. , create online assessment, where the company’s history and culture is explained in detail. Helping the employee or associate get acquainted with the company’s culture. How to cite Shawshank Redemption Under the 4 Frames of Organizational Views, Essay examples

Kalyan Verma free essay sample

Childhood of kalyan varma. Kalyan varma, wild life photographer was born on January 13th 1980 in Vishakapatnam. He studied at kendriya vidyalaya- a Govt school- which, he says, was a very good thing. He moved for every three years making new friends which he felt â€Å"Not so good! † From Vizag to Gulbarga, then Vijayawada and finally one year in Canada, kalyan finally settled in Bengaluru after class 10. Kalyan was an average student having ups and downs and like any other kid growing up, even he had ‘dreams’. As a kid many always want to be an astronaut, pilot etc. , but kalyan wanted to sing which he tried but failed. Then he wanted to be in the forest. Watching National geographic – Jane Goodall especially- he always said, â€Å"Hey I want to be in the jungle watching animals all day. † Later The closest kalyan got to the wildlife at that age, when the family went to Ooty on LTC. We will write a custom essay sample on Kalyan Verma or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When Kalyan was a small kid, he used to watch The Jungle Book and it was love at first sight. Kalyan wanted to grow up to be Mowgli and play with Bagheera, Baloo, Kaa etc like many other kids do. He would give up sweet Sunday morning sleep to watch the National Geographic specials that used to air on National Television before we had Animal Planet and NGC on our television sets. The dream eventually came true. Photography was a late hobby and playing and experimenting with those point-and-shoots took most of my time. After college, when he started working, he could afford a good camera and picked up one of the earliest versions of the Nikon Coolpix 5700 3 In 2004, he started to visit forests quite often and quickly realized, wildlife photography was something that he loved from the bottom of the heart and it was a dream combination of two of my biggest passions in life. Around the same time, Kalyan also fell in love – with computers. It was the early 90’s, there were so many exciting developments in that field. Hackers, in particular, fascinated this young man. He started computer programming very early and that was a very nice thing to do when he was still in school and he enjoyed it a lot. Kalyan joined PES College of engineering, in Bengaluru. It was okay with academics, so he did not get the top engineering college or even the C. S branch. But he wanted to be in Bengaluru and took up mechanical engineering at PESIT. He also liked robotics a lot. He used to bunk classes but not just to hang around canteen but spend hours in the computer lab playing with all those things. Kalyan Varma – Award winning wildlife photographer 27 February 2011 One Comment Hi All.. There is a saying.. â€Å"Some people dream when they sleep and some stay awake to chase that dream. † And today, I have a very very special guest in the show on Coffee With Experts who is an epitome of chasing ones dream! Please join me in welcoming Mr. Kalyan Varma – Award winning Wildlife Photographer from Bangalore! He freelances with BBC and National Geographic Channel! What is even more fascinating is the fact that he worked in Yahoo! as a securities expert.. decided to quit what one would call â€Å"comfortable well settled† job.. only to chase his dreams.. And man, he did chase them quite well.. Very happy to host a Mr. Kalyan Varma on the show. Through out the interview, you can see some amazing photographs from Kalyan Varma. You can check out his entire collection at Kalyanvarma. net More about Kalyan can be seen here on the wiki page – http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Kalyan_Varma Me: Sundar Rajan G S KV: Kalyan Varma Me: Hi Kalyan, Welcome to the show on Coffee With Sundar! Through out your career†¦ you have made interesting choices.. Like Mechanical engineering student to the world of Yahoo.. Then to photography.. Can you speak about yourself.. your background and what you went through when making such critical decisions.. KV: Hi Sundar.. Happy to be on CWS.. My decsions have always been based on what I like.. Not necessarily based on best career choice.. All of us have a lot of interests.. from school days.. I was fascinated with computer technology and robotics.. The whole thing about Artificial Intelligence was exciting me.. so I chose to do Mech.. But I got disillusioned.. We were not doing anything close to what I wanted to do in Mech While I was in mech.. in late 90s.. the dot com movement was picking up.. That was when I got fascinated with the concept of open source.. linux.. security etc.. In a way I was fascinated by movies about hacking I did spend a good amount of time doing all of that in college.. Thats how I landed up in Yahoo where I was working on security.. Elephant Me: You received the â€Å"Yahoo Super Star Award – 2003?.. You should have been very good at your work†¦ Are you sure that you didnt find it passionate.. KV: I really enjoyed the work there.. Infact every minute was enjoyable.. I was solving security issues which were hard.. so I enjoyed it.. I was not bored at all.. But I was interested in photography wildlife from young.. Although I have never spent time in jungle, I used to watch a lot of national geographic channel in India.. But yes, I was quite intersted in the job.. KV: I was earning money when I was at work.. I was able to stay in wildlife sanctury.. I was able to fund my camera.. Wildlife and photography was more like a weekend passion for me.. I worked for 3 years at yahoo! I used to enjoy it.. I spent long hours at work.. At one point, I wanted a break.. So I took 2-3 months off.. I just wanted a time off.. So I decided to spend some time in jungle.. Kinabatangan River KV: The more time I spent in the jungle.. the more I became really passionate.. I was really fascinated by the whole concept of Jungle and nature etc.. There is a government of Karnata eco-tourism resort where I was a regular customer.. I told them that I wanted to spend a few weeks.. They said why not work with us.. So I started showing the tourists all the wildlife in the forest.. And that is how the journey started.. Lion with the kill KV: So.. I spent time in forest.. amidst the tigers the elephants.. I spent time with the tribals.. The whole thing was so fascinating and found that it was difficult to come back to a desk job.. So what was planned as a 3 month visit.. ended up for 1 year†¦ Me: Wow.. That is indeed quite a story! What about the money and livelihood.. How did you manage.. KV: Ofcourse thats the difficult part I was not earning.. Even the work with the resort was a free of cost work.. I wasnt making money there.. I was just burning savings.. But at the same time.. I didnt want to come back.. So I decided to do consulting.. I must admit I was very naive when I thought I could do 10 days a month of consulting.. I couldn’t do justice for both my consulting work and for my photography.. When I am with the tigers.. in the middle of forest.. I used to get phone calls about the projects.. And vice versa.. I was thinking of the jungle while I was consulting as well.. This went on for about 6 months.. I was not really sure this was the way ahead.. So absolutely right.. it was difficult! Orangutan

Relationship between the United States and Japan

The history of relationship between the United States and Japan is quite long. There were many different conflicts and fruitful cooperation. Nevertheless, business communication did not stop even in the most difficult times. Of course, many successful business decisions were made due to the understanding of the cultural peculiarities of the partners. Thus, it is essential for a US companies cooperating with Japanese partners to pay much attention to the development of cross-cultural negotiation patterns.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Relationship between the United States and Japan specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Admittedly, American and Japanese companies use different business strategies and methods due to their cultural peculiarities. Such strategies can be even opposite by nature since Americans and Japanese are representatives of opposite, western and eastern, cultures. However, wise managers and leaders do not become frustrated because of these differences, but make use of adopting some techniques. For instance, Alston and Takei point out such difference in business strategies, as American â€Å"quick decision-making† and Japanese thoroughness (11). Many Americans get impatient with such slow decision making process and regard it as partners’ weakness. However, this characteristic feature of Japanese business strategy can be successfully adopted by American companies which will lead to safer deals. Thus, Japanese first check whether they can trust their partner and only then â€Å"offer larger agreements† (Alston Takei 11). American companies can also start with agreements of low value and when they are confident in their partner, they can start more close cooperation. Of course, understanding of cultural peculiarities can not only give some successful examples of running business, but it can also develop business communication on different levels. It is very important to follow any changes in the society of business partners to develop business relationship. At present the USA and Japan have good and fruitful relationship. Wall street journal even claims that Americans are â€Å"Japan’s best friends in the West† (Koh, â€Å"APEC Guest List†). These close connections can help develop even more comprehensive cooperation. For instance, Americans can study the situation in Japan and take advantage of it. Thus, Goldman states that nowadays Japanese express their discontent with the development of â€Å"dreaded and outlawed† monopolies (Goldman 38).Advertising Looking for research paper on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This trend can be used by the entire American country since the USA can suggest many ways of diminishing the influence of such monopolies offering own methods. Of course, it can be also beneficial for America n business to enter Japanese market as competitive companies to existing Japanese monopolies. Apart from advantages of understanding cultural peculiarities on the international level it is possible to work out some useful strategies on the level of companies. Thus, American companies can learn a lot about running negotiations with their Japanese partners. Many researchers are already being held in this field. Thus, a very interesting research depicted by Greene et al. revealed the cultural differences on the basis of the â€Å"print advertisement† (486). Of course, many useful techniques can be adopted on the basis of such data analysis. However, Goldman suggests a very useful strategy in running negotiations depicting the results of survey which shows that Japanese are â€Å"resistant to bullying or face-threatening negotiating tactics† (37). So, American companies should choose another tactic and be very patient. Thus, American companies should understand that it is essential to take into account cultural differences when having negotiations with Japanese companies. Such cultural peculiarities can lead to a great success or a failure. Works Cited Alston, J.P., Takei, I. Japanese Business Culture and Practices: A Guide to Twenty-First Century Japanese Business. Lincoln, NE: iUniverse, 2005. Goldman, Alan. Doing Business with the Japanese: A Guide to Successful Communication, Management, and Diplomacy. New York: SUNY Press, 1994. Greene, J.O., Burleson, B.R. Handbook of Communication and Social Interaction Skills. New York: Routledge, 2003.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Relationship between the United States and Japan specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Koh, Y. â€Å"APEC Guest List: Obama? Check. Clinton?†¦ Maybe.† The Wall Street Journal, 21 Oct. 2010. Web. This research paper on Relationship between the United States and Japan was written and submitted by user Kira Acevedo to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Essay on The company is Walmart Stores, Inc.Essay Writing Service

Essay on The company is Walmart Stores, Inc.Essay Writing Service Essay on The company is Walmart Stores, Inc. Essay on The company is Walmart Stores, Inc.It is important for any organization to have a code of ethics in order to guide employees how to behave in ambiguous situations and to share the principles of ethical behavior accepted in the organization. The purpose of this paper is to select a company, to identify whether this company uses a code of conduct, to analyze this code if it exists and to draft a code of ethics if the company does not have one.The chosen company is Walmart Stores, Inc. This is a multinational retailer operating in 27 countries and running chains of discount stores and warehouse stores. Walmart pays significant attention to ethics: the company has a Global Ethics Office which is responsible for encouraging ethical decision-making and resolving ethics concerns (Walmart, 2014).Walmart has a separate document named The Statement of Ethics. This document is meant to share attitudes and values that create an ethical workplace and expected standards of ethical conduc t. The document also helps recognize ethically questionable situations and prompts how to act in such situations. The document includes letter on ethics from Walmart CEO, guiding principles, employee responsibilities, approaches to reporting ethical violations, principles of leading with integrity inside and outside the company, community ethical principles and relevant contact information.With regard to code content organizing principles outlined by Berenbeim (1999), Walmarts code of ethics pays moderate attention to the role of business, does not pay much attention to company autonomy aspect and focuses strongly on three next principles global business practice, ethical decision-making procedures and ethical decision-making environment.Walmarts code of ethics satisfies the stylistic requirements to such documents (Berenbeim, 1999): it is easy to read, has sufficient detail (but not excessive detail), is graphically appealing, is relevant for the industry and market and is firmly grounded on Walmarts key values. Similarly to other codes of ethics, Walmarts code addresses such questions as security of proprietary information, environmental responsibility, employee privacy, substance abuse, employee privacy, etc.It is notable that Walmarts code of ethics largely addresses potential internal ethical issues such as conflicts of interests and potential community ethical issues such as safety, environment, international trade, public relationships, etc. In general, Walmarts code of ethics has all the necessary elements described by Berenbeim (1999) and can be viewed as an example of an efficient code of ethics.

Socialism in Africa and African Socialism

Socialism in Africa and African Socialism At independence,  African countries had to decide what type of state to put in place, and between 1950 and the mid-1980s, thirty-five of Africas countries adopted socialism at some point.  The leaders of these countries believed socialism offered their best chance to overcome the many obstacles these new states faced at independence. Initially, African leaders created new, hybrid versions of socialism, known as African socialism, but by the 1970s, several states turned to the more orthodox notion of socialism, known as scientific socialism. What was the appeal of socialism in Africa, and what made African socialism different from scientific socialism? The Appeal of Socialism Socialism was anti-imperial. The ideology of socialism is explicitly anti-imperial. While the U.S.S.R. (which was the face of socialism in the 1950s) was arguably an empire itself, its leading founder, Vladimir Lenin wrote one of the most famous anti-imperial texts of the 20th century: Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism. In this work, Lenin not only critiqued colonialism but also argued that the profits from imperialism would ‘buy out’ the industrial workers of Europe. The workers’ revolution, he concluded, would have to come from the un-industrialized, underdeveloped countries of the world. This opposition of socialism to imperialism and the promise of revolution coming underdeveloped countries made it appealing to anti-colonial nationalists around the world in the 20th century.Socialism offered a way to break with Western markets.  To be truly independent, African states needed to be not only politically but also economically independent. But most we re trapped in the trading relations established under colonialism. European empires had used African colonies for natural resources, so, when those states achieved the independence they lacked industries. The major companies in Africa, such as the mining corporation  Union Minià ¨re du Haut-Katanga, were European-based and European-owned. By embracing socialist principles and working with socialist trading partners, African leaders hoped to escape the neo-colonial markets that colonialism had left them in. In the 1950s, socialism apparently had a proven track record.  When the USSR was formed in 1917 during the Russian revolution, it was an agrarian state with little industry. It was known as a backward country, but less than 30 years later, the U.S.S.R. had become one of two superpowers in the world. To escape their cycle of dependency, African states needed to industrialize and modernize their infrastructures very quickly, and African leaders hoped that by planning and controlling their national economies using socialism they could create economically competitive, modern states within a few decades.Socialism seemed to many like a more natural fit with African cultural and social norms than the individualist capitalism of the West.  Many African societies place great emphasis on reciprocity and community. The philosophy of  Ubuntu, which stresses the connected nature of people and encourages hospitality or giving, is often contrasted with the individualism of the West, and many African leaders argued that these values made socialism a better fit for African societies than capitalism.     One-party socialist states promised unity.  At independence, many African states were struggling to establish a sense of nationalism among the different groups that made up their population. Socialism offered a rationale for limiting political opposition, which leaders - even previously liberal ones - came to see as a threat to national unity and progress. Socialism in Colonial Africa In the decades before decolonization,  a few African intellectuals, such as  Leopold Senghor  were drawn to socialism in the decades before independence. Senghor read many of the iconic socialist works but was already proposing an African version of socialism, which would become known as African socialism in the early 1950s.   Several other nationalists, like the future President of Guinee,  Ahmad  Sà ©kou Tourà ©, were heavily involved in trade unions and demands for workers rights. These nationalists were often far less educated than men like Senghor, though, and few had the leisure to read, write, and debate socialist theory. Their struggle for living wages and basic protections from employers made socialism attractive to them, particularly the type of modified socialism that men like Senghor proposed. African Socialism Though African socialism was different from European, or Marxist, socialism in many respects, it was still essentially about trying to resolve social and economic inequalities by controlling the means of production. Socialism provided both a justification and a strategy for managing the economy through state control of markets and distribution. Nationalists, who had struggled for years and sometimes decades to escape the domination of the West had no interest, though, in becoming subservient to the U.S.S.R. They also didn’t want to bring in foreign political or cultural ideas;  they wanted to encourage and promote African social and political ideologies. So, the leaders who instituted socialist regimes shortly after independence - like in Senegal and Tanzania - did not reproduce Marxist-Leninist ideas.  Instead,  they developed new, African versions of socialism that supported some traditional structures while proclaiming that their societies were - and always had been - classless. African variants of socialism also permitted far more freedom of religion. Karl Marx called religion the opium of the people,  and more orthodox versions of socialism oppose religion far more than African socialist countries did. Religion or spirituality was and is highly important to the majority of African people, though, and African socialists did not restrict the practice of religion. Ujamaa The most well-known example of African socialism was Julius Nyereres radical policy of ujamaa, or villagization, in which he encouraged, and later forced  people to move to model villages so that they could participate in collective agriculture.  This policy, he felt, would solve many problems at once. It would help congregate Tanzanias rural population so that they could benefit from state services like education and healthcare. He also believed it would help overcome the tribalism that bedeviled many post-colonial states, and Tanzania did, in fact, largely avoid that particular problem. The implementation of  ujamaa  was flawed, though. Few who were forced to move by the state appreciated it, and some were forced to move at times that meant they had to leave fields already sown with that years harvest. Food production fell, and the countrys economy suffered. There were advances in terms of public education, but Tanzania was fast becoming one of Africas poorer countries, kept afloat by foreign aid. It was only in 1985, though Nyerere stepped down from power and Tanzania abandoned its experiment with African socialism. The Rise of Scientific Socialism in Africa By that point, African socialism had long been out of vogue. In fact, former proponents of African socialism were already starting to turn against the idea in the mid-1960s. In  a speech in 1967, Kwame Nkrumah argued that the term African socialism had become too vague to be useful. Each country had its own version and there was no agreed-upon statement of what African socialism was. Nkrumah also argued that the notion of African socialism was being used to promote myths about the pre-colonial era. He, rightly, argued that African societies had not been classless utopias, but rather had been marked by various kinds of social hierarchy, and he reminded his audience that African traders had willingly participated in the slave trade.  A wholesale return to pre-colonial values, he said, was not what Africans needed.   Nkrumah argued that what African states needed to do was return to more orthodox Marxist-Leninist socialist ideals or scientific socialism, and that is what several African states did in the 1970s, like Ethiopia and Mozambique. In practice, though, there were not many differences between African and scientific socialism. Scientific Versus African Socialism Scientific socialism dispensed with the rhetoric of African traditions and customary notions of community, and spoke of history in Marxist rather than romantic terms.  Like African socialism, though, scientific socialism in Africa was more tolerant of religion, and the agricultural basis of African economies meant that the policies of scientific socialists could not be that different than those of African socialist. It was more of a shift in ideas and message than practice.   Conclusion: Socialism in Africa In general, socialism in Africa did not outlive the collapse of the U.S.S.R. in 1989. The loss of a financial supporter and ally in the form of the U.S.S.R. was certainly a part of this, but so too was the need many African states had for loans from the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. By the 1980s, these institutions required states to release state monopolies over production and distribution and privatize industry before they would agree to loans. The rhetoric of socialism was also falling out of favor, and populations pushed for multi-party states.  With the changing tied, most African states who had embraced socialism in one form or another embraced the wave of multi-party democracy that swept across Africa in the 1990s. Development is associated now with foreign trade and investment rather than state-controlled economies, but many are still waiting for the social infrastructures, like public education, funded health care, and developed transportation systems, that both socialism and development promised. Citations Pitcher, M. Anne, and Kelly M. Askew. African socialisms and postsocialisms. Africa 76.1 (2006)  Academic One File.Karl Marx, Introduction to  A Contribution to the Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right, (1843), available on the  Marxist Internet Archive.Nkrumah, Kwame. African Socialism Revisited, speech given at the  Africa Seminar, Cairo, transcribed by Dominic Tweedie, (1967), available on the  Marxist Internet Archive.Thomson, Alex. Introduction to African Politics.  London, GBR: Routledge, 2000.

Business Law Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business Law Questions - Essay Example The law of agency can be construed by a sharp attorney representing a plaintiff to support a transfer the ownership of a property in question to the agent in a similar way as alter ego theories. Basically, the agency law in PCV situations involves an array of agreements that bring together the agent, and the principal in which case the former becomes mandated under the law to assume the responsibilities of the latter to formalize a legitimate agreement to work with a third party (Steinberg, 2012). Under such a scenario, the agent automatically assumes the principal’s role, thus can enter into business deals and negotiation with third parties. According to Steinberg (2012), the agency law guides the operation of agents and the third parties whom they have business dealings with; and provides for principals to play a second fiddle to the agents when the latter acts on their behalf. The reciprocal privileges and responsibility between signatory parties to a contract mirrors business and legal practicalities. A business proprietor usually relies on a worker or another individual to operate an enterprise. When dealing with a corporation, which generally is a conjured legal entity, human agents take precedence. In such a case the principal is required by the law, through the agreement signed by the agent to play a second fiddle in the running of the business or being held responsible in case of any liability. An agent’s lawyer can therefore argue that the law grants the agent sweeping powers to execute his or her role within the jurisdiction of the organization to exercise his or her will. When an agent legally assumes c ontrol of the business, a third party may entrust his or her details and deals with the agent and enter into an agreement with the principal’s representative if he or she introduces himself so (Brams, 1999). And owing to the technicalities witnessed by those who would want to corroborate the identity and or authority of the agent, most of third parties often show willingness to work with the agent and disregard any other party regardless of their superiority. It is in such a scenario, the corporation can be deemed as the â€Å"alter ego† of the agent. Agency powers The law of agency provides the agent with three legal milestones that whoever occupies the position can tacitly exploit to his or her advantage. First, the agency enjoys actual authority. Actual authority which is enjoyed by the plaintiff often arises in two ways: either where the principal expressly confers power on the agent, or where the authority is implied (Brams, 1999). Authority is a product of consen sus, and its implementation is usually based on fact. Therefore, the law of agency grants the agent protection from the principal, especially where the former has acted within the agency’s mandate, as provided for under implied powers. Secondly, implied actual authority, or the usual authority, refers to powers that an agent enjoys by virtue of being fairly necessary to exercise his or her express authority. Implied actual authority can be assumed by the agent owing to his or her role as the principal’s proxy (Steinberg, 2012). In a nutshell, in any case the agent makes a decision regarding the business they have assumed control of, the decision is deemed binding and the principal will be expected to comply with the agent’s move. Such a scenario makes the property in the hands of the agent an alter ego of himself or herself. Question 2: Hypothetically, starting from a blank state legislative slate, the only form of business organization that would be needed toda y would be the Limited Liability Company form. Analyze and critique this statement. A limited liability company (LLC), is a corporate structure that