Business Ethics McDonnell Douglas Lack of Solidarity Essay

The reason I chose to write about this company McDonnell Douglas is because I felt that what they did was appalling and demonic. They dehumanized the passengers and only seen profit margins. One may say that McDonnell Douglas imps did not know the meaning of the word â€Å"solidarity†: Solidarity is a principle of Catholic Social Teaching. This principle means the firm and preserving determination to commit oneself to the common good. This principle incorporates other principles like Human Dignity, Community, Common Good, Stewardship, and Option for the Poor, that is what we are to demonstrate in our actions. This principle does not always come into play with many corporations; Furthermore when things like this come into play, one may say that†¦show more content†¦But what McDonnell Douglas did was none of the above, they did a self-indulging, materialistic, money hungry, unethical thing. McDonnell Douglas didn’t look at the situation in an ethical manner, the y were thinking, how can I make my money for the company and satisfy shareholders. He did not look at, would this be good for the customers and the workers who will be on the plane as well. Ultimately what McDonnell Douglas is similar to what any serial killer or serial rapist does to its victims, they dehumanize them, they think that everyday humans similar to what most humans think of a spider or an any other bug, as a dispensable organism that neither propels or descends their life based upon the death of that organism. This synopsis is seen by the everyday business transaction because how they habitually disregard human dignity and their unethical business practice. One may say that McDonnell Douglas never knew what human dignity was and how it is intertwined with everyday societal matters, and how it shapes and molds our personal communities, and the business communities. McDonnell Douglas would be able to obtain a grave amount of personal growth if they had read the following definitions and meditated on them. Human dignity: everyone is created in the image of God and that in turn makes them a person who possesses infinite value and worth. The executives

Argumentative Essay about The Death Penalty in America

Ethical Arguments Against Capital Punishment Morality can be defined as â€Å"The quality of being in accord with standards of right or good conduct.† (thefreedictionary). The morality of capital punishment is an heavily contested issue and one that often polarises people’s views. However, in 2011 and in a leading civilised nation such as the U.S. it is arguable that there can be no circumstances in which sentencing a person to death is acceptable. America is known around the world as being a well-respected, leading democracy. The act of punishing people by death is an ancient one; it is also one that no longer has place in society. One of the leading arguments against capital punishment is based on the value of human life. Most people believe human life to be valuable and some abolitionists think it so valuable that even the most brutal murderers should not have their lives taken from them. They believe that no amount of bad conduct can devalue an individual’s life. Some abolitionists are less certain about this. They believe that life should be preserved unless there is significant reason not to, and that the burden is on supporters of capital punishment to validate their opinions. It could be argued that people who have this ‘on the fence’ view are not truly abolitionists. People who strictly oppose capital punishment believe that everyone has a human right to life, regardless of crimes they may have committed and that sentencing them to death is an infringement of their basic human rights. The opposing argument, therefore, is that an individual who commits murder is aware of their wrong doing and is forfeiting their right to life. An extremely common case against capital punishment is that there will inevitably be errors within the justice system that result in innocent people being put to death. Jurors, prosecutors and witnesses can and do make mistakes. There are many cases of verdicts that have been appealed and the accused eventually released. If the death penalty has been implicated there is no chance of correcting the mistakes. There is a significant body of evidence supporting the notion that mistakes such as these are possible. In the U.S. since 1973, one hundred and sixteen people on death row have been found innocent and released. Many people consider the notion and the practice of retribution to be morally unsound. They take on the view that teaching that killing is wrong by killing is unethical. On the other hand, capital punishment supporters maintain that in order for justice to work, criminal individuals need to suffer in a way that is proportionate to their crime. Following this rule it makes sense that a murderer should be punished with death. Many people who are unsure of their position on capital punishment do find that this idea corresponds with their inherent sense of justice. This argument in favour of retribution is often supported with the â€Å"an eye for an eye† argument. However, using this quote from the Old Testament actually demonstrates a misunderstanding of the text. The Old Testament meaning of â€Å"an eye for an eye† actually means only that a guilty individual should be punished though not too severely. Another argument to the capital punishment supporters’ view of retribution concerns the uniqueness of the death penalty. If murderers are put on death row as a punishment directly relating to their crime, then it raises questions as to why the rule doesn’t apply to other types of crimes. For example, rapists are not punished with rape and burglars do not have their possessions taken away from them. Other abolitionists argue that the death penalty is not, in fact, proportionate to the crime of murder. They claim that this punishment delivers two punishments; both the execution and the wait leading up to it. They see this, therefore, as a mismatch. Many offenders spend a long time on death row before finally being put to death. In the U.S. the average is ten years. Conversely, some abolitionists oppose the death penalty as they feel it isn’t enough of a retribution. It is arguable that life imprisonment causes a much higher degree of suffering than a short imprisonment and then a painless death. Another question when assessing the ethical appropriateness of the death sentence is whether it actually works as a crime deterrent. It doesn’t appear to; what seems to deter is the likelihood of being caught. Social scientists generally agree that the death penalty’s effectiveness as a deterrent is unproven. In 1988 a survey was conducted for the UN to determine the relation between the death penalty and homicide rates. This was then updated in 1996. It concluded: â€Å"research has failed to provide scientific proof that executions have a greater deterrent effect than life imprisonment. Such proof is unlikely to be forthcoming. The evidence as a whole still gives no positive support to the deterrent hypothesis. The key to real and true deterrence is to increase the likelihood of detection, arrest and conviction. The death penalty is a harsh punishment, but it is not harsh on crime (Death Penalty). Irrespective of the moral and ethical position of capital punishment, it is arguable that to cause so much suffering to the individual is bordering on torture, and is wrong. Some means of execution are clearly probable to cause suffering. Examples of this are execution by strangulation, lethal gas and electrocution, to name just a few. Other methods, such as firing squads and beheading have been banned because they were considered too brutal, or because the executioner had to be too closely involved. Many countries now opt for the lethal injection method of execution as it is thought to be less severe for both the offender and the executioner. However, there are known flaws with this method, including the necessity for a medical professional to be involved in the actual killing; this is a contradiction to medical ethics. A particularly contested area of capital punishment regards the sentencing of individuals with learning disabilities. The Penry v. Lynaugh case provides a sound example of the issues surrounding this matter. In 1989, in the state of Texas, Pamela Carpenter was raped and stabbed to death in her home (Chan). Before Carpenter died in hospital she was able to give the police a description of her attacker. The description led the police to Johnny Paul Penry. Penry confessed to the crime and he was charged with capital murder. However, the conviction was the most simple part of what was to be a very long and complicated case. Penry was classed as â€Å"mentally retarded† (Chan) and therefore the suit contained far more considerations than a more standard murder trial. Penry was assessed by a clinical psychologist who testified that Penry had an IQ of fifty-four and, although he was twenty-two at the time of the trial, he was reported to have the learning age of a six-year-old and the social maturity level of a nine or ten-year old. The psychologist, Dr Brown, testified that â€Å"there’s a point at which anyone with [Penry’s] IQ is always competent, but, you know, this man is more in the borderline† (Chan 1121). What proceeded was a long trial in which there was a distinct lack of consensus among the Justices. The main problem was in assessing Penry’s levels of comprehension and of his levels of culpability regarding the murder. Eventually the court ruled that it is not cruel and unusual punishment to sentence a mentally retarded person to death under the eighth amendment. This position could be argued as wrong as, by definition, every mentally retarded individual is handicapped in his mental abilities and, therefore, his culpability. The death penalty for mentally retarded individuals is not banned by common law or by national consensus. However, it almost definitely violates the matter of proportionality; mentally retarded criminals do not possess the levels of culpability worthy of the death sentence. Furthermore, as Peter Chan argues, â€Å"because of the unique finality and harshness of the death penalty, the Court should always rule in favour of life if there are any doubts or uncertainties about the correctness of the sentence† (Chan 1234). Another example levels of culpability coming into question is when sentencing juveniles. A study investigated the eighth amendment of societal consensus and proportionality with reference to juvenile death penalties (Crosby). A selection of individuals who had previously worked as jurors were asked to vote on whether to execute a defendant in an hypothetical case. The defendant’s age and the level of remorse displayed were mixed. The majority of the participants chose to execute the defendant in all of the situations. However the defendant’s age and the voter’s views on juvenile culpability lessened the chance of execution. The researcher commented that â€Å"the large percentage of our sample of former jurors voting to execute even the youngest defendant was unanticipated. A high rate of death sentences for the 15, 16, and 19-year-old defendants may not be quite so startling; the finding that a majority of our sample of former jurors, specifically 60.5%, voted to execute a 10-year-old child is striking† (Crosby). In 1972 the U.S. Supreme Court sustained the structure of the death penalty. Sixteen years later the Court finally addressed this structure regarding juvenile offenders. In 1987, in the Thomson v. Oklahoma case, a majority of the Court decided that giving the death penalty to a fifteen-year-old defendant constituted cruel and unusual punishment under the Eighth amendment. Nevertheless, just two years later in the Stanford v. Kentucky case, a ruling percentage of the Court ruled that the death penalty was not unconstitutional when sentencing a sixteen or seventeen-year-old defendant (Crosby). This seems an unethical decision. In the U.S. seventeen-year-olds are not yet even legally allowed to drink alcohol. Imposing the death sentence onto a defendant of such a young age could be argued to be barbaric. Further to implementing capital punishment, the nation goes one step further and decides that it is appropriate to televise the executions. Robert Bryan (Bedau 385) speaks about his time defending individuals facing the death penalty. He reports that â€Å"as the debate on televising executions became a hot topic, clients began to express their feelings about becoming a source of public entertainment. Many were strongly against such a notion, while others felt it might help the struggle to end capital punishment† (Bedau 386). Bryan views the U.S. broadcast of   executions as simply using defendants to quench America’s thirst for violent entertainment. He claims that executions bring out the worst in people, and have done throughout history. Most people have seen movies featuring scenes of capital punishment; the on screen audience are shouting and throwing objects at the person about to be killed, and then at the moment of death the crowd erupts into excitement and cheering. As Bryan rightly points out, these scenes are historically accurate. Furthermore, Bryan argues that regardless on anyone’s position on televising executions, the larger issue is whether governments should be in the business of killing at all (Bedau 387). William Bailey investigated the validly of the argument for murder and capital punishment as being a deterrent (Bailey).   In order to do this he examined the monthly homicidal rates alongside the amount of television exposure of executions from 1976 through to 1987. His findings were that â€Å"despite the power of television as a source of news in the United States, the results of this study do not support either the deterrence argument, which contends that capital punishment reduces killings, or the brutalization argument, which contends that capital punishment promotes killings. Homicide rates were not found to be related to either the amount or the type of execution publicity over the period† (Bailey). Bailey found no evidence that the amount of television exposure of executions had a significant effect of deterrent on the homicides during the period studied. He claims that as television has become the most depended on news medium then any deterrent to murder would be displaying the punishment via this means. He concludes that the current numbers of executions or broadcasts of such neither dissuade nor encourage murder (Bailey). Capital punishment provokes debate in the U.S. and all over the world. American citizen’s put their money and trust into government officials to run the country and to uphold the nation’s pride in being a country of democracy and human rights. However, a government who would allow and promote the implementation of the death penalty cannot really be upholding either principle. The ethical arguments against capital punishment are vast, ranging from philosophies on the value of life to basic human rights. Furthermore, the degree of disagreement within the Courts is a concern. The case of John Penry illustrates the point that a courtroom is made up of many people who will not always unanimously agree. If a decision cannot be made unanimously over an issue as fundamental as this one, then there should be no opportunity for someone to be sentenced to death despite it. It is an embarrassment that America, one of the leading and most respected nations in the world, can still be using this out-dated tradition. Works Cited Bailey, W.C. â€Å"Murder, Capital Punishment, and Television: Execution Publicity and Homicide†. American Sociological Association. American Sociological Review, Vol. 55, No. 5 19. Jan. 2011. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2095860 Bedau, H.A. (1998) â€Å"The Death Penalty in America: Current Controversies. OUP USA. Chan, P. â€Å"Eighth Amendment: The Death Penalty and the Mentally Retarded Criminal: Fairness, Culpability, and Death†. The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology. Vol. 80, No. 4. Northwestern University. 19 Jan. 2011. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1143696 Crosby, Catherine, Preston Britner, Kathleen Jodi and Sharon Porwtood. â€Å"The Juvenile death Penalty and the Eighth Amendment: An Empirical Investigation of Societal Concensus and Proportionality†. Law and Human Behavior, Vol. 19, No. 3. 19 Jan. 2011. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1394003 â€Å"Death Penalty†. Amnesty International. 28 Feb. 2011. http://www.amnesty.org/en/death-penalty â€Å"Morality†. The Free Dictionary. 28 Feb. 2011. http://www.thefreedictionary.com/morality

Swimming At High School Swimming - 2015 Words

Swimming is a skill most learn as means for pure survival. However, some people take the skill to the next level, and participate in the sport of competitive swimming. Ranging from local neighborhood summer swim leagues to the world broadcasted Olympics, competitive swimming has participants of all levels. Among these levels is the high school team level, which is commonly found among the many sports on most high schools lists. At any level of competitive swimming, the swimmers showcase their talents at highly anticipated swim meets. To the spectators swim meets are an exciting venue to view the individual athlete s incredible talents. However, behind the scenes there is so much more to be discovered. Although my visit confirmed my thoughts on how exciting the swim meet atmosphere is, I was surprised to learn about the team aspect of a sport that is usually thought of as an individual sport. Like most high school swim meets, the district twelve swim meet started bright and early on a wintry morning. It was around 6:30am, when the Samuel Clemens high school swim team boarded the bright yellow school bus to venture out to the natatorium. This particular meet was being held at the Josh Davis natatorium, which is a Northeast Side ISD facility. After a brief forty minute bus ride, the eager team arrived to the gigantic two story brown building, that read â€Å"Josh Davis Natatorium† directly above the front door. The parking lot was gradually filling up with more schoolShow MoreRelatedMy High School Swimming Career975 Words   |  4 PagesSwimming has been an integral part of my life since I was nine years old. I have swam on four different teams and have had several different coaches. My high school swimming experience has been particularly significant to me and can be accurately described by a quote in the novel Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe. 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Diving 101 Diving is easy, once you do it a couple of times. In competitive swimming, a good dive off the starting block is completelyRead MoreWhy Children Should Spend Too Much Time On Sports846 Words   |  4 Pagesdoctor suggested I try to do some exercises in order to stop sleeping without breathing enough oxygen. â€Å"Swimming is the best choice for you† he strongly recommended. That words completely changed my life. After that, my father took me to the closest swimming pool, and began to teach me how to swim. Every day he came back home, he took off his shoes and stockings â€Å"Have you finished packing swimming stuff yet? We are leaving soon.† Then he laid on the sofa with his exhausted body, and took a rest with

Sci 110 Assignment 1 Applications of the Scientific Method

SCI 110 Assignment 1 Applications of the Scientific Method Click Link Below To Buy: http://hwcampus.com/shop/sci-110-assignment-1-applications-scientific-method/ The scientific method is a body of techniques for investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge, or correcting and integrating previous knowledge. The scientific inquiry is a way to investigate things and purpose explanation for their observations. Data is gathered, hypothesis suggested, and observations recorded. Several different troubleshooting methods already exist but according to CompTIA; there are six steps to solve a problem. Drawing a parallel these steps are all included into the scientific method, but how? Scientific method CompTIA troubleshooting†¦show more content†¦All the computers plugged in the same outlet, or into the same switch or router are affected by the power surges. The other common culprit of internal network card failure is malware. Given the crucial role that NIC cards play in connecting computers to networks, network cards are a major target for malware. If malware can get access to the network interface controller, then the hacker can gain access to all of the networking data that passes through the computer. Technically speaking, malware does not directly damage the physical hardware of network cards, so there is no reason to replace the NIC hardware. What a malware does is hurt the software (the device driver) that controls the network card, and that can effectively render the network card faulty. If we suppose that the card is hypothetical culprit then, we will take some action to confirm the hypothesis. †¢Physical test: we check the Ethernet cable (cable plugged into the card and the outlet on the wall), switch and router. Result of the test: Cable, switch and router are all working well. Then we move on the next step. †¢Logical Test: on the computer, we need to check if the card is responding to a request (internal this time) the network internal address the card called loopback address is 127.0.0.1 for all computer and to do that go on. Click on Start-Accessories then commands prompt. Black screen will pop up. Then type ping 127.0.0.0.1 and hit ENTER. For the purpose of this assignment,Show MoreRelatedA Brief Note On Coronary Heart Disease ( Cad )9402 Words   |  38 Pagesdeliver blood to the heart itself, compromises its correct functioning and could result in a myocardial infarction (heart attack), which, if not intervened within an hour of the onset of symptoms, results in immediate death in more than 50% of the cases[1]. Cardiovascular disease, specifically coronary artery disease (CAD) (also known as coronary heart disease) is the number one killer in the US, shadowing all other causes, including cancer, unintentional injuries, lung disease and AIDS [2]. CoronaryRead MoreMedicare Policy Analysis447966 Words   |  1792 Pagespurposes. 1 Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa- 2 tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, 3 SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE; TABLE OF DIVISIONS, TITLES, rmajette on DSK29S0YB1PROD with BILLS 4 5 AND SUBTITLES. (a) SHORT TITLE.—This Act may be cited as the 6 ‘‘Affordable Health Care for America Act’’. VerDate Nov 24 2008 12:56 Oct 30, 2009 Jkt 089200 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 6652 Sfmt 6201 E:\BILLS\H3962.IH H3962 2 1 2 Read MoreManagement Control Systems Pdf115000 Words   |  460 Pagestaken in preparing this book, ICFAI welcomes suggestions from students for improvement in future editions. rI B S U se O nl y C la s s of 20 09 Contents PART I: AN OVERVIEW OF MANAGEMENT CONTROL SYSTEMS Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Introduction to Management Control Systems Approaches to Management Control Systems Designing Management Control Systems Key Success Variables as Control Indicators Organizing for Adaptive ControlRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagestwentieth century history / edited by Michael Peter Adas for the American Historical Association. p. cm.—(Critical perspectives on the past) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-1-4399-0269-1 (cloth : alk. paper)—ISBN 978-1-4399-0270-7 (paper : alk. paper)—ISBN 978-1-4399-0271-4 (electronic) 1. History, Modern—20th century. 2. Twentieth century. 3. Social history—20th century. 4. World politics—20th century. I. Adas, Michael, 1943– II. American Historical Association. D421.E77 2010

The Financial Crisis of 2008 Free Essays

This paper explores the factors, which caused the recent financial crisis of 2008. Furthermore this paper will explain how the Federal Reserve’s (Fed) monetary policies and the Federal Government’s fiscal policies are crucial in limiting and perhaps eliminating future catastrophes. The Financial Crisis of 2008 Factors and Prevention The financial crisis of 2008 is widely considered the worst financial crisis, since the Great Depression (Pendrey, 2009). We will write a custom essay sample on The Financial Crisis of 2008 or any similar topic only for you Order Now The repercussions of the crisis were mind-boggling, and unfortunately for many, it was life altering. Families lost their houses, their jobs, and in many cases, they lost their entire life savings. Furthermore, neither businesses nor banks escaped the massacre. The financial crisis not only devastated the United States, it also had far reaching worldwide consequences. The global economy suffered, as a result of what was happening here. The devastation was so severe, that the economy has yet to fully recover. To make matters even more frustrating, Sewell Chan of the New York Times explained, â€Å"The 2008 financial crisis was an â€Å"avoidable† disaster caused by widespread failures in government regulation, corporate mismanagement and heedless risk-taking by Wall Street†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (2011). This paper will attempt to discuss the factors, which led to the crisis, and perhaps more importantly, attempt to provide courses of action, which would prevent similar incidents in the future. Discussion In the years that led up to the financial crisis, seemingly everyone who could fog a mirror could get a home loan. These loans were often much more than the borrower could ever possibly afford to pay back. The government commission, which investigated the crisis, believes one of the main factors causing the financial crisis was the Federal Reserve’s and other regulators  failure to recognize the poisonous combination of careless mortgage loans, in addition to the packaging and sale of loans to investors and risky bets on securities backed by the subprime loans (Chan, 2011). The previous statements are best summarized, when Leon Hadar, a research fellow in foreign policy studies, opines in his Cato Institute commentary, â€Å"The housing boom and bust that precipitated the crisis were facilitated by extremely loose monetary policy.† (2009). Faulty monetary policies are not alone in the blame, however. The Federal Government’s shoddy fiscal policy also played a role. The Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, also known as the Financial Modernization Act of 1999, repealed the injunction on the collaboration between investment and commercial banking established by the New Deal-era Glass-Steagall Act’s of 1932 and 1933. According to Hadar, this policy also proved dreadful. He states the Act, â€Å"†¦caused the crisis by clearing the way for investment and commercial banks to merge, and thus giving investment banks the incentive to take greater risks, while reducing the amount of equity they are required to hold against any given dollar of assets.† (2009). Not surprisingly, the incompetency and, in some cases, illegal actions of corporate management, in addition to Wall Street’s propensity to risk, also contributed to the 2008 financial meltdown. The US government’s official report, on the financial crisis, concluded, â€Å"several financial industry figures may have broken the law in the run-up to the crisis.† (Rushe, 2011). Furthermore, risk taking is an every day occurrence with Wall Street. Charles Ferguson pulls no punches with respect to Wall Street’s share of the blame, in an online article. The article titled â€Å"Heist of the century: Wall Street’s roll in the financial crisis† orates, â€Å"It is no exaggeration to say that since the 1980s, much of the global financial sector has become criminalised, creating an industry culture that tolerates or even encourages systematic fraud. The behaviour that caused the mortgage bubble and financial crisis of 2008 was a natural outcome and continuation of this pattern, rather than some kind of economic accident.† (2012). Solution With the previous factors given, one might wonder how to prevent another  financial crisis from occurring. Costas Markides provides a very reasonable thesis in my opinion. In a Bloomberg.com blog, which addresses actions needed to avoid the next predicament, Markides contemplates, â€Å"If you want to change how people behave, don’t tell them. Instead, change the underlying environment that produced their â€Å"bad† behavior in the first place.† (2012). In other words, it is human nature to demand punishment and thereby obtaining a sense of instant gratification. To prevent future financial calamities, however, it is wise to address the underlying causes and understand what went wrong. Although there can never be a hundred percent solution to managing the national economy to such an extent that there will never be another crisis, the needed adjustments seem to lay at the feet of the Federal Reserve’s monetary policy and the Federal Government’s fiscal policy. The Fed addressed one major cause of the financial crisis by implementing much needed regulations regarding mortgage loans and requiring proof of borrowers ability to pay the loan back (Warner, 2013). The Government, on the other hand, initiated mass government spending in order to stimulate the economy. Both the Fed and the Federal Government need to tighten regulations, but perhaps more importantly, they need to act more quickly and decisively to limit, or even more optimistically, prevent the next financial crisis. Mark Thoma of CBS best summarized this point by stating, â€Å"This disaster could have been prevented by a strong regulatory response, but the belief that markets would self-regulate†¦ led to a regulatory hands-off approach†¦ The hands-off regulatory approach was a mistake.† (2009). Summary In summary, it is clear that the financial crisis of 2008 was caused by errant monetary and fiscal policies. Furthermore, there was a delayed reaction by both the Fed and the Federal Government, which was caused by a hands-off regulatory approach. In the future, the Fed and the Federal Government need to act more decisively and promptly to better steer the economy away from a downward trending economy. Both the monetary and fiscal policies are vital to the ongoing recovery and future growth of the country’s economy. How to cite The Financial Crisis of 2008, Papers

Fundamentals of Infection Risk Management-Free-Samples for Students

Quetion: Write an Essay on Fundamentals of infection risk management. Answer: The essay aims to discuss the four common microorganisms responsible for the hospital acquired infection and highlight the prevalence rate in health care settings. The essay further evaluates the rate and impact of these infections on the staff, facility and the patient. It also critically analyses the national and international guidelines to combat infection due to one of the microorganisms. The critical analysis also includes the state of current infection, control and prevention for one of the organism. The essay then provides review on how the current infection and control practices have historically developed and improved the current practices. Various organisms have been found to be the contributing factor of the hospital acquired infection. The four microorganisms that are dealt in the essay areMethicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), E.coli, Klebsiella pneumonia and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. According to CDC (Centre of disease control) these are the most common pathogens causing the hospital acquired infections (Ehagroup.com, 2017). In New Zealand or NZ the highest reported hospital acquired infection is due to Staphylococcus aureus and the incidence is due to strain of methicillin-resistantS. aureus that caused the epidemic spread. It mainly causes soft tissue and skin infection, gastrointestinal, nosocomial, and systemic infections. The prevalence of infection due to this pathogen is high in New Zealand than in any developed country. Studies and reports from the period 2000-2001 revealed that S. aureusbacteraemiawas 4 times more likely among the Pacific Peoples and two times more likely among the Maori patients. It occurs at rate of 25/100000 population (Williamson et al., 2017). It is confined to affecting children. Only one specific aspect of disease is commonly reported in NZ that is MRSA infection. MRSA is also known as multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (McMullan et al., 2016). Pseudomonas aeruginosa is responsible for 11% of all the hospital acquired i nfections. The fatality rate of the infection caused by this micro-organism is 50%. It is resistant to most commonly used antibiotics. It is highly diagnosed in patients with AIDS, and Cancer. It mainly causes urinary tract infections. In blood stream infection cases, 96% were found to be noscomial (Pfaller, Bassetti, Duncan, Castanheira, 2017). Hospital acquired pneumonia caused by Klebsiella pneumonia is the second most commonly reported hospital acquired infection. This infection comprises of 15-20% of total hospital acquired infections. It occurs at the rate of more than 15 cases/ hospital admissions (Pitout, Nordmann, Poirel, 2015). The E.coli strain that is dangerous and contributor of most hospital acquired infections is E. coli O157: H7. Children and older adults are highly susceptible to this infection. This pathogen is highly prevalent in bloodstream infections and occurs at rate of 35/100000 population (Martelius et al., 2016). These infections have adverse effect on ov erall health system. These infections are increasing the cost of the health care. Each year 100 million procedures are performed in NZ hospitals. These infections are increasing the litigation nationwide. There is high chance of the acquisition of infection in other hospitals, rehabilitation centres and nursing home. The group of patients who are highly susceptible to these infections are young children and older adults and immunocompromised patients (Khan, Ahmad, Mehboob, 2015). After admission to the hospital, around 5-10% of the patients acquire an infection. It is difficult to measure the exact cost. The annual cost was found to be in excess of NZ$50 million for medical admissions and $85 millionfor surgical admissions. The additional cost is due to diagnosis and treatment of hospital acquired infection (Moura, Baylina, Moreira, 2017). It leads to added burden on the health care staff due to work overload and job stress. Even the staffs acquire these infections which lead to attrition and poor qual ity of care. Extended length of stay in hospital adds to anxiety and stress in patients (Williamson et al., 2014). Hospital acquired infections were investigated over several years and was concluded to be caused by unclean and non-sterile environmental surfaces, breach of infection control procedures and practices (Ehagroup.com, 2017). Based on this evidence several strategies were developed to control the hospital acquired infection due to these micro-organisms. One of the above identified micro-organism for which the current infection, control and prevention and the national and international guidelines will be discussed is MRSA. To control MRSA various prevention and control guidelines were developed. However, the implementation does not seem to be serious enough as there is still a prevalence of MRSA infection. The surveillance of MRSA and the methodology is provided by CDC. There is a large gap between the existence of guidelines and the actual implementation (Cdc.gov, 2017). The prevention and control guidelines for MRSA in many countries are similar. The fundamental recommendation in every guideline is screening and early detection, patient isolation, hand hygiene, and decolonization. In low prevalence countries these guidelines were found to keep the health care facilities MRSA free and prevent the infection. Failure to adhere to the national guidelines makes countries like NZ MRSA-endemic that has high prevalence rate (Williamson Heffernan, 2014). The National Clinical Guideline developed by the RCPI Clinical Advisory Group on HCAI - Subgroup MRSA Guideline Committee is based on series of recommendations. The guidelines reflect the best international practice. It is disseminated through the HSE networks and is effective in many facilities in combating infection (HPSC, 2017). The subject of debate is Antibiotic stewardship. It is effective to use local antibiotic susceptibility data for effective results (Guharoy et al., 2016). As per the Ministry of Health, NZ, guidelines developed should be used for formulating own MRSA policy. It also states that the key infection controlling procedure includes hygiene practices being rigorously followed in hospitals. In NZ these procedures and guidelines along with comprehensive MRSA surveillance has helped in defining the mostly transmitted MRSA strains. It aided in extra stringent infection control (Ministry of Health NZ, 2017). However, some strains are highly transmissible and were foun d to be difficult to control. Prudent antibiotic use was found effective. According to EHA (Environmental and public health consultants), MRSA is most susceptible to beta-lactamase resistant penicillins. Vancomycin is the highly preferred drug for MRSA infections (Guardabassi, 2017). The above mentioned guidelines and recommendations were made based on changing epidemiology of MRSA in NZ and other countries. These guidelines were made based on old and new literature, previous guidelines, local and epidemiological data. International guidelines were made based on epidemiological data from different countries and putting various draft guidelines for consultation. NZ MRSA surveillance was started ever since first reported case in 1975. ESR (Institute of Environmental Science and Research Limited) conducts annual surveys in laboratories of NZ every year. These surveys monitor changes and help develop new prevention strategies (ESR, 2017). This helped in identifying the infection pattern and epidemiology which gave birth to national and international guidelines mainly in period 2000-2011 (Williamson et al., 2014). Owing to these efforts there has been stable rate and prevalence of MRSA infection in NZ since last three years. In conclusion, health care facilities are the places that may turn dangerous due to Hospital acquired infections also called as nosocomial infections. Various organisms have been found to be the contributing factor of the hospital acquired infection. Four of them have been discussed in this essay. MRSA is discussed in details as it is highly prevalent infection in NZ and in other countries. Stringent guidelines, surveillance, adherence and antibiotic stewardship are key factors to prevent and control MRSA. References Cdc.gov. (2017).Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).Cdc.gov. Retrieved 11 December 2017, from https://www.cdc.gov/mrsa/community/index.html Ehagroup.com. (2017).Nosocomial Infections and Hospital-Acquired Illness.Ehagroup.com. Retrieved 12 December 2017, from https://www.ehagroup.com/epidemiology/nosocomial-infections ESR. 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